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+ <title>人类简史</title>
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+ <h1 class="calibre8" id="calibre_pb_0">尾注</h1>
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+ <p class="calibre6">1 Ann Gibbons, ‘Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 316:5831 (2007), 1558-1560.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">2 Robin Dunber, <span class="italic">Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language</span> (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">3 Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, ‘Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees’, <span class="italic">Annual Review of Anthropology</span> 32 (2003), 363-392; M. McFarland Symington, ‘Fission-Fusion Social Organization in <span class="italic">Ateles</span> and <span class="italic">Pan’, International Journal of Primatology</span>, 11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J. Chapman, ‘Determinants of Groups Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs’, in <span class="italic">On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups</span>, ed. Sue Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 26.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">4 Dunbar, <span class="italic">Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language</span>, 69-79; Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M. Dunbar, ‘Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language’, <span class="italic">Current Anthropology</span> 34:2 (1993), 189. For criticism of this approach see: Christopher McCarthy et al., ‘Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size’, <span class="italic">Human Organization</span> 60:1 (2001), 32; R. A. Hill and R. I. M. Dunbar, ‘Social Network Size in Humans’, <span class="italic">Human Nature</span> 14:1 (2003), 65.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">5 Yvette Taborin, ‘Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian’, in <span class="italic">Before Lascaux: The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic</span>, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211-28.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">6 G.R. Summerhayes, ‘Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea’, in <span class="italic">Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory</span>, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129-58.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">7 Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, <span class="italic">Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality</span> (New York: Harper, 2010); S. Beckerman and P. Valentine (eds.), <span class="italic">Cultures of Multiple Fathers</span>: <span class="italic">The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America</span> (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">8 Noel G. Butlin, <span class="italic">Economics and the Dreamtime</span>: <span class="italic">A Hypothetical History</span> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 98-101; Richard Broome, <span class="italic">Aboriginal Australians</span> (Sydney: Allen & Unwin , 2002), 15; William Howell Edwards, <span class="italic">An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies</span> (Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Social Science Press, 1988), 52.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">9 Fekri A. Hassan, <span class="italic">Demographic Archaeology</span> (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 196-99; Lewis Robert Binford, <span class="italic">Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets</span> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 143.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">10 Brian Hare, <span class="italic">The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think</span> (Dutton: Penguin Group, 2013).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">11 Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Holliday, ‘Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo’<span class="italic">, Nature</span> 387 (1997), 173-176; M. Henneberg and M. Steyn, ‘Trends in Cranial Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene’, <span class="italic">American Journal of Human Biology</span> 5:4 (1993): 473-79; Drew H. Bailey and David C. Geary, ‘Hominid Brain Evolution: Testing Climatic, Ecological, and Social Competition Models’, <span class="italic">Human Nature</span> 20 (2009): 67-79; Daniel J. Wescott and Richard L. Jantz, ‘Assessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American Blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry’, in <span class="italic">Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects,</span> ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231-45.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">12 Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., ‘Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impact on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?’, <span class="italic">American Journal of Human Biology</span> 14 (2002), 184-205.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">13 Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, <span class="italic">Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People</span> (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 164, 236.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">14 Hill and Hurtado, <span class="italic">Aché Life History</span>, 78.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">15 Vincenzo Formicola and Alexandra P. Buzhilova, ‘Double Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary Practices’, <span class="italic">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span> 124:3 (2004), 189-98; Giacomo Giacobini, ‘Richness and Diversity of Burial Rituals in the Upper Paleolithic’, Diogenes 54:2 (2007), 19-39.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">16 I. J. N. Thorpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare’, <span class="italic">World Archaology</span> 35:1 (2003), 145-65; Raymond C. Kelly, <span class="italic">Warless Societies and the Origin of War</span> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); Azar Gat, <span class="italic">War in Human Civilization</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Lawrence H. Keeley, <span class="italic">War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Slavomil Vencl, ‘Stone Age Warfare’, in <span class="italic">Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives</span>, ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57-73.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">17 James F. O’Connel and Jim Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea) and the Archeology of Early Modern Humans’, in <span class="italic">Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans</span>, ed. Paul Mellars, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Katie Boyle (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 395-410; James F. O’Connel and Jim Allen, ‘When Did Humans First Arrived in Grater Australia and Why Is It Important to Know?’, <span class="italic">Evolutionary Anthropology</span>, 6:4 (1998), 132-46; James F. O’Connel and Jim Allen, ‘Dating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea): A Review of Recent Research’, <span class="italic">Journal of Radiological Science</span> 31:6 (2004), 835-53; Jon M. Erlandson, ‘Anatomically Modern Humans, Maritime Voyaging, and the Pleistocene Colonization of the Americas’, <span class="italic">in The first Americans: the Pleistocene Colonization of the New World</span>, ed. Nina G. Jablonski (San Francisco: University of California Press, 2002), 59-60, 63-64; Jon M. Erlandson and Torben C. Rick, ‘Archeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems’, <span class="italic">Annual Review of Marine Science</span> 2 (2010), 231-51; Atholl Anderson, ‘Slow Boats from China: Issues in the Prehistory of Indo-China Seafaring’, <span class="italic">Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia</span>, 16 (2000), 13- 50; Robert G. Bednarik, ‘Maritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic’, <span class="italic">Earth and Planetary Sciences</span> 328 (1999), 559-60; Robert G. Bednarik, ‘Seafaring in the Pleistocene’, <span class="italic">Cambridge Archaeological Journal</span> 13:1 (2003), 41-66.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">18 Timothy F. Flannery, <span class="italic">The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples</span> (Port Melbourne, Vic.: Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 306:5693 (2004): 70–75; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’, <span class="italic">Journal of Biogeography</span> 31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction,’ <span class="italic">Science</span> 309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 292:5523 (2001), 1888–92.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">19 Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’, <span class="italic">Quaternary Science Reviews</span> 25:21–22 (2006), 2692–2703; Barry W. Brooks et al., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on ‘‘A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’’ by S. Wroe and J. Field’, Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3-4 (2007), 560-564; Chris S. M. Turney et al., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’, <span class="italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span> 105:34 (2008), 12150-53.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">20 John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’, <span class="italic">Science</span>, 292:5523 (2001), 1893-96; O’Connel and Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul’, 400-1.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">21 L.H. Keeley, ‘Proto-Agricultural Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross- Cultural Survey’, in <span class="italic">Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture</span>, ed. T. Douglas Price and Anne Birgitte Gebauer (Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press, 1995), 243– 72; R. Jones, ‘Firestick Farming’, <span class="italic">Australian Natural History</span> 16 (1969), 224- 28.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">22 David J. Meltzer, <span class="italic">First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America</span> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">23 Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate’, <span class="italic">The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics</span> 37 (2006), 215-50; Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’, 70-5.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">24 本地图主要参考: Peter Bellwood, <span class="italic">First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</span> (Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2005).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">25 Azar Gat, <span class="italic">War in Human Civilization</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130-131; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), 29-34.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">26 Katherine A. Spielmann, ‘A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality’, <span class="italic">Human Ecology</span> 17:3 (1989), 321-45. 并请参见:Bruce Winterhalder and Eric Alder Smith, ‘Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty Five’, <span class="italic">Evolutionary Anthropology</span> 9:2 (2000), 51-72.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">27 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), <span class="italic">Infant and Child Mortality in the Past</span> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al., <span class="italic">English Population History from Family Reconstitution</span>, 1580-1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295-96, 303.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">28 Manfred Heun et al., ‘Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 278:5341 (1997), 1312-14.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">29 Charles Patterson, <span class="italic">Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust</span> (New York: Lantern Books, 2002), 9-10; Peter J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby (ed.), <span class="italic">The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals</span> (London: Duckworth, 1969), 259.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">30 Avi Pinkas (ed.), <span class="italic">Farmyard Animals in Israel – Research, Humanism and Activity</span> (Rishon Le-Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009 [Hebrew]), 169-199; “Milk Production – the Cow” [Hebrew], The Dairy Council, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgiwebaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dat aid=cow.htm</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">31 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, <span class="italic">The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); E.C. Amoroso and P.A. Jewell, ‘The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People’, in <span class="italic">Man and Cattle: Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute,</span> 24-26 May 1960, ed. A.E. Mourant and F.E. Zeuner (London: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129-34.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">32 Johannes Nicolaisen, <span class="italic">Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg</span> (Copenhagen: National Museum, 1963), 63.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">33 Angus Maddison, <span class="italic">The World Economy</span>, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; “Historical Estimates of World Population”, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">34 Robert B. Mark, <span class="italic">The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative</span> (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">35 Raymond Westbrook, ‘Old Babylonian Period’, in <span class="italic">A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law</span>, vol. 1, ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361- 430; Martha T. Roth, <span class="italic">Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor,</span> 2nd ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71-142; M. E. J. Richardson, <span class="italic">Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary</span> (London: T & T Clark International, 2000).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">36 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">37 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 121.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">38 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 122-23.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">39 Roth, Law Collections, 133-34.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">40 Constance Brittaine Bouchard, <span class="italic">Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France</span> (New York: Cornell University Press, 1998), 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin, ‘Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries’, in <span class="italic">Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children,</span> ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 81 n. 81; Lise E. Hull, <span class="italic">Britain's Medieval Castles</span> (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">41 Andrew Robinson, <span class="italic">The Story of Writing</span> (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung, <span class="italic">Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East</span> (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">42 Marcia and Robert Ascher, <span class="italic">Mathematics of the Incas-Code of the Quipu</span> (New York: Dover Publications, 1981).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">43 Gary Urton. <span class="italic">Signs of the Inka Khipu</span> (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw. <span class="italic">A History of the Khipu</span> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">44 Stephen D. Houston (ed.), <span class="italic">The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</span> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">45 Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’, <span class="italic">in Axial Civilizations and World History,</span> ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bj.rn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397-451.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">46 Harold M. Tanner, <span class="italic">China: A History</span> (Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009), 34.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">47 Ramesh Chandra, <span class="italic">Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India</span> (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005); Michael Bamshad et al., ‘Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population’, <span class="italic">Genome Research</span> 11 (2001): 904-1004; Susan Bayly, <span class="italic">Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</span> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">48 Houston, <span class="italic">First Writing</span>, 196.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">49 The Secretary-General, <span class="italic">United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women,</span> delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (July 6, 2006), 89.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">50 Sue Blundell, <span class="italic">Women in Ancient Greece</span> (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113-29, 132-33.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">51 Francisco López de Gómara, <span class="italic">Historia de la Conquista de Mexico,</span> vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Caba.es (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">52 Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, <span class="italic">Economic History Review</span> 20:1 (1967), 11-12; Jasim Alubudi, <span class="italic">Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam</span> (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">53 Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, 17-18.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">54 David Graeber, <span class="italic">Debt: The First 5000 Years</span> (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, 2011).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">55 Glyn Davies, <span class="italic">A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day</span> (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">56 Szymon Laks, <span class="italic">Music of Another World, trans</span>. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1989), 88-89. 奥斯维辛集中营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯,而且在不同时期的差异非常大。</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">57 Niall Ferguson, <span class="italic">The Ascent of Money</span> (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">58 关于麦元的信息,我参考了一本未出版的博士论文:Refael Benvenisti, <span class="italic">Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC</span> (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 2011). 并请参见:Norman Yoffee, ‘The Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, in <span class="italic">Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</span>, vol. 1, ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1995), 1387-99; R. K. Englund, ‘Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals’, in <span class="italic">Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East,</span> ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2004), 21-46; Marvin A. Powell, ‘A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage’, in <span class="italic">Festschrift Lubor Matou.,</span> ed. B. Hru.ka and G. Komoróczy (Budapest: E.tv.s Loránd <span class="italic">Tudományegyetem,</span> 1978), 211-43; Marvin A. Powell, ‘Money in Mesopotamia’, <span class="italic">Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient,</span> 39:3 (1996), 224-42; John F. Robertson, ‘The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples’, in <span class="italic">Civilizations of the Ancient Near East,</span> vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443-500; M. Silver, ‘Modern Ancients’, in <span class="italic">Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction,</span> ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 65-87; Daniel C. Snell, ‘Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia’, in <span class="italic">Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</span>, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1487-97.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">59 Nahum Megged, <span class="italic">The Aztecs</span> (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.</p>
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+ <p class="calibre6">60 Tacitus, <span class="italic">Agricola,</span> ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 220-21.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">61 A. Fienup-Riordan, <span class="italic">The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution</span> (Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983), p. 10.</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">62 Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’, <span class="italic">Historia</span> 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">63 Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in <span class="italic">On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach,</span> ed. Doron Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23-24.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">64 W.H.C. Frend, <span class="italic">Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church</span> (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008), 536-37.</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">65 Robert Jean Knecht, <span class="italic">The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France,</span> 1483-1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 424.</p>
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|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">66 Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, <span class="italic">Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen -Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen</span> (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152-57.</p>
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|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">67 Susan Blackmore, <span class="italic">The Meme Machine</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">68 David Christian, <span class="italic">Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History</span> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344-45; Angus Maddison, <span class="italic">The World Economy</span>, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">69 Maddison, <span class="italic">The World Economy</span>, vol. 1, 261.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">70 "Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">71 Christian, <span class="italic">Maps of Time</span>, 141.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">72 当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年,全球舰队船队加起来,承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年,总承载量已达到73万吨。(Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).</p>
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|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">73 全球规模最大的银行,苏格兰皇家银行(Royal Bank of Scotland),于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元,是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见 ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010.</p>
|
|
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+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">74 Ferguson, <span class="italic">Ascent of Money,</span> 185-98.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">75 Maddison, <span class="italic">The World Economy</span>, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley, <span class="italic">English Population</span> <span class="italic">History</span>, 295; Christian, <span class="italic">Maps of Time</span>, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35-45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">76 Wrigley, <span class="italic">English Population History</span>, 296.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">77 ‘England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09’, Office for National Statistics, accessed March 22, 2012</p>
|
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+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-61850</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">78 Michael Prestwich, <span class="italic">Edward I</span> (Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125-26.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">79 Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans’, <span class="italic">Genetics</span> 141:4 (1995), 1399-1406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans’, <span class="italic">Experimental Gerontology</span> 38:9 (2003), 947-54.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">80 Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet, and George M. Church, ‘A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 335:6070 (2012): 831-4; Dan Peer et al., ‘Nanocarriers As An Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy’, <span class="italic">Nature Nanotechnology</span> 2 (2007): 751-60; Dan Peer et al., ‘Systemic Leukocyte-Directed siRNA Delivery Revealing Cyclin D1 as an Anti-Inflammatory Target’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 319:5863 (2008): 627-30.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">81 Stephen R. Bown, <span class="italic">Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail</span> (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Matin's Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, <span class="italic">The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C</span> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">82 James Cook, <span class="italic">The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768-1779</span>, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York : Dover Publications, 1971), 16-17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J.C. Beaglehole, ed., <span class="italic">The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery,</span> vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">83 Mark, <span class="italic">Origins of the Modern World</span>, 81.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">84 Christian, <span class="italic">Maps of Time</span>, 436.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">85 John Darwin, <span class="italic">After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405</span> (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">86 Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia’, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008,</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i;</p>
|
|
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+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in <span class="italic">Iran under the Pahlavis</span>, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">87 Mark, <span class="italic">The Origins of the Modern World,</span> 46.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">88 Kirkpatrik Sale, <span class="italic">Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise</span> (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">89 Edward M. Spiers, <span class="italic">The Army and Society: 1815-1914</span> (London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858-1914’, in <span class="italic">The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century</span>, vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">90 Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, <span class="italic">The Medieval History Journal</span> 10:1-2 (2007), 151.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">91 Maddison, <span class="italic">World Economy</span>, vol. 1, 261, 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and PPP’, The World Bank, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
|
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+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.</p>
|
|
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+
|
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|
+ <p class="calibre6">92 这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化,并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元,如果银行现在有100万美元的存款,其实只能贷出约909000美元,而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解,我还是决定将数字简化。此外,银行也并不总是遵守这些法规。</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">93 Carl Trocki, <span class="italic">Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy</span> (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">94 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, <span class="italic">The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History</span> (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">95 Mark, <span class="italic">Origins of the Modern World,</span> 109.</p>
|
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+
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|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">96 Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization’, <span class="italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span> 103:43 (2006), 15731.</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">97 Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production’, <span class="italic">FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128</span> (Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), chapter 2.1.1, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
|
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+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7241E/w7241e06.htm#2.1.1percent20solarperc ent20energy;</p>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">James Barber, ‘Biological Solar Energy’, <span class="italic">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</span> 365:1853 (2007), 1007.</p>
|
|
|
+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">98 ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.</p>
|
|
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+
|
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|
+ <p class="calibre6">99 S. Venetsky, ‘"Silver" from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Aftalion, Fred, <span class="italic">A History of the International Chemical Industry</span> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J. Downs, <span class="italic">Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium</span> (Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993), 15.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">100 Jan Willem Erisman et al, ‘How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World’ in <span class="italic">Nature Geoscience</span> 1 (2008), 637.</p>
|
|
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+
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|
+ <p class="calibre6">101 G. J. Benson and B. E. Rollin (eds.), <span class="italic">The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions</span> (Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2004); M .C. Appleby, J. A. Mench, and B. O. <span class="italic">Hughes, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare</span> (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2004); J. Webster, <span class="italic">Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden</span> (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005); C. Druce and P. Lymbery, <span class="italic">Outlawed in Europe: How America Is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare</span> (New York: Archimedean Press, 2002).</p>
|
|
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+
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|
+ <p class="calibre6">102 Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 130:3373 (1959), 421-432; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’, <span class="italic">American Psychologist</span> 13 (1958), 673-685; Laurens D. Young et al., ‘Early stress and later response to seprate in rhesus monkeys’, <span class="italic">American Journal of Psychiatry</span> 130:4 (1973), 400-405; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships’, <span class="italic">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity B</span> 361:1476 (2006), 2199-2214; Florent Pittet et al., ‘Effects of maternal experience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird’, <span class="italic">Animal Behavior</span> (March 2013), In Press-available online at:</p>
|
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+
|
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213000547)</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">103 "National Institute of Food and Agriculture", United States Department of Agriculture, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.</p>
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+
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|
+ <p class="calibre6">104 Vaclav Smil, <span class="italic">The Earth's Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change</span> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole et al., ‘The Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass’, <span class="italic">BMC Public Health</span> 12:439 (2012),</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">105 William T. Jackman, <span class="italic">The Development of Transportation in Modern England</span> (London: Frank Cass & co., 1966), 324-27; H. J. Dyos and D.H. Aldcroft, <span class="italic">British Transport-An economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth</span> (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124-31; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, <span class="italic">The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century</span> (Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1986).</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">106 关于过去这几十年前所未有的和平状态,特别可参见:Steven Pinker, <span class="italic">The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined</span> (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, <span class="italic">Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed</span> Conflict Worldwide (New York, N.Y.: Dutton, 2011); Gat, <span class="italic">War in Human Civilization.</span></p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">107 ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf.</p>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">之前时代的死亡率请参见: Lawrence H. Keeley, <span class="italic">War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage</span> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">108 ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010,</p>
|
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.</p>
|
|
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+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">109 Raymond C. Kelly, <span class="italic">Warless Societies and the Origin of War</span> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 21. See also Gat, <span class="italic">War in Human Civilization</span>, 129-31; Keeley, <span class="italic">War before Civilization.</span></p>
|
|
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+
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|
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+ <p class="calibre6">110 Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, <span class="italic">British Journal of Criminology</span> 41:4 (2001), 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, <span class="italic">Crime and Justice: A Review of Research</span> 30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010,</p>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">111 Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ 30.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">112 若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐,以下著作是很好的出发点:Jonathan Haidt, <span class="italic">The Happiness Hypothesis:Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom</span> (New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright, <span class="italic">The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life</span> (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, <span class="italic">American Psychologist</span> 54:10 (1999): 82127; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne, ed., <span class="italic">The Science of Well-Being</span> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argyle, <span class="italic">The Psychology of Happiness,</span> 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.), <span class="italic">Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener</span> (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randy J. Larsen (eds.), <span class="italic">The Science of Subjective Well-Being</span> (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), <span class="italic">Happiness in Economics</span> (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002); Richard Layard, <span class="italic">Happiness: Lessons from a New Science</span> (New York: Penguin, 2005).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">113 Daniel Kahneman, <span class="italic">Thinking, Fast and Slow</span> (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., "Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness," 278-281.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">114 D. M. McMahon, <span class="italic">The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present</span> (London: Allen Lane, 2006).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">115 Keith T. Paige et al., ‘De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, <span class="italic">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</span> 97:1 (1996), 168-78.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">116 David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, <span class="italic">Scientific American, January</span> 27, 2010, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-intobiofuel-refineries.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">117 Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, <span class="italic">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</span> 67:2 (2005), 151-59.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">118 James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, <span class="italic">Plant Molecular Biology</span> 35:3 (1997), 323-30.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">119 Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, <span class="italic">Nature Biotechnology</span> 23:4 (2005), 44551.</p>
|
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">120 Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, <span class="italic">Nature Biotechnology</span> 24:4 (2006), 435-36.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">121 Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, <span class="italic">Nature</span> 401 (1999), 63-69.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">122 Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 322:5903 (2008), 900–904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, <span class="italic">Biology of Reproduction</span> 81:6 (2009), 1189-1195.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">123 Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, <span class="italic">Time,</span> September 17, 2012, accessed February 19, 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, <span class="italic">Endangered Species Research</span> 14 (2011), 227233; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’, <span class="italic">Bioessays</span> 34 (2012), 661-669.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">124 Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, <span class="italic">New York Times,</span> February 12, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=s cience;</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">Zack Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, <span class="italic">Archaeology</span> 63:2 (2009), accessed 10 December, 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.html.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">125 Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, <span class="italic">Nature</span> 420:6915 (2002), 520.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">126 ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed March 22, 2012,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_ percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">并请参见:Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE Spectrum, December 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpoweredtransponder-for-cyborg-</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content= Google+Reader;</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’, <span class="italic">New Scientist</span> 197:2646 (2008), 40-43; Emily Singer, ‘Send In the Rescue Rats’, <span class="italic">New Scientist</span> 183:2466 (2004), 21-22; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, <span class="italic">New Scientist</span> 189:2541 (2006), 30-31.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">127 Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, <span class="italic">Live Science</span>, March 7, 2006, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">128 ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed March 22, 2012,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">129 Retina Implant, http://www.retinaimplant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">130 David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life Is Within Reach’, <span class="italic">The Washington Post</span>, September 14, 2006, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">131 Miguel Nicolelis, <span class="italic">Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How It Will Change Our Lives</span> (New York: Times Books, 2011).</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">132 Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, <span class="italic">BU Today,</span> October 15, 2008, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughtsinto-words/</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">133 Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’, <span class="italic">BBC News</span>, July 22, 2009, accessed 19 September, 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">134 Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, <span class="italic">Science</span> 327:5961 (2010), 7881; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under 5000$ (Update 1)’, <span class="italic">Bloomberg</span>, November 5, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4So Ww; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, <span class="italic">BBC News</span>, last updated April 8, 2009, accessed March 22, 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder And Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, <span class="italic">TechCrunch,</span> September 24, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,</p>
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+
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+ <p class="calibre6">http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-andfounders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.</p>
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